Sains Malaysiana 54(3)(2025): 721-731

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5403-09

Analisis Pencemaran Mikroplastik dalam Ikan Tongkol (Euthynnus affinis) di Perairan Semenanjung Malaysia

(Analysis of Microplastic Pollution in Kawakawa Fish (Euthynnus affinis) in the Waters of Peninsular Malaysia)

SINORETHA SINING¹, ADLIN I. ARBA’IN¹, MAISARAH I. AMIZURI¹, AZWAN MAT LAZIM², FUAD M. MISKON³, FIKRIAH FAUDZI⁴, MAZLAN ABD. GHAFFAR^5,6 & SYAFIQ M. MUSA^1,7,*

¹Marine Science Programme, Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

³Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies, International Islamic University Malaysia (Kuantan Campus), 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

⁴Department of Marine Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (Kuantan Campus), 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

⁵Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

⁶UMT-OUC Joint Academic Center for Marine Studies, Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

⁷Marine Ecosystem Research Center (EKOMAR), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 8 Ogos 2024/Diterima: 16 Disember 2024

Abstrak

Pencemaran mikroplastik dalam persekitaran marin telah mencapai tahap yang semakin membimbangkan di seluruh dunia. Kajian mengenai pencemaran mikroplastik pada organisma marin masih kurang di Malaysia, terutama bagi spesies yang turut menjadi makanan laut dan sajian utama di Malaysia, contohnya ikan tongkol (Euthynnus affinis). Sebanyak 207 organ telah diekstrak keluar daripada 69 ekor ikan tongkol dengan tiga organ diambil daripada setiap ikan (iaitu saluran gastrousus, insang dan kulit) yang telah disampel dari empat kawasan pendaratan ikan utama di Malaysia, iaitu Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu; Kuantan, Pahang; Mersing, Johor; dan Kuala Selangor, Selangor. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kulit ikan tongkol mempunyai kandungan mikroplastik tertinggi (1.52 ± 0.91 mikroplastik per gram) berbanding organ insang dan saluran gastrousus. Jenis mikroplastik yang paling dominan dijumpai adalah berbentuk serat (89.95%), diikuti dengan serpihan (10.05%). Warna mikroplastik paling banyak dikenal pasti ialah hitam(61.58%) dan biru (21.39%). Julat saiz 0.01-1.00 mm merupakan saiz mikroplastik yang paling banyak dijumpai. Kelimpahan mikroplastik berkorelasi positif dengan saiz badan ikan menunjukkan kandungan mikroplastik pada ikan tongkol semakin bertambah seiring dengan pertambahan umur dan saiz badan ikan. Data kajian ini menemukan mikroplastik pada kesemua organ ikan tongkol yang dikaji, maka adalah disarankan agar kulit luaran ikan perlu dibersihkan dan organ dalaman seperti insang dan saluran gastrousus perlu disiang terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan dalam sebarang penyediaan hidangan makanan bagi mengurangkan risiko kemasukan mikroplastik terhadap manusia melalui pemakanan ikan tongkol ini.

Kata kunci: Ikan komersial; ikan tongkol; mikroplastik; pencemaran marin

Abstract

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment has reached increasingly alarming levels globally. Research on microplastic contamination in marine organisms remains limited in Malaysia, particularly for species that are also consumed as seafood and are staple dishes, such as the kawakawa fish (Euthynnus affinis). This study extracted a total of 207 organs from 69 kawakawa fish, with three organs (i.e., gastrointestinal tract, gills, and skin) taken from each fish sampled from four major fish landing sites in Malaysia: Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu; Kuantan, Pahang; Mersing, Johor; and Kuala Selangor, Selangor. The results showed that the skin of the kawakawa fish had the highest microplastic content (1.52 ± 0.91 microplastics per gram) compared to the gill and gastrointestinal tract organs. The predominant type of microplastic identified was fiber (89.95%), followed by fragments (10.05%). The most frequently detected colors of microplastics were black (61.58%) and blue (21.39%). Microplastics in the size range of 0.01-1.00 mm were the most commonly found. There was a positive correlation between the abundance of microplastics and the body size of the fish, indicating that microplastic content in kawakawa fish increases with age and body size. The data from this study found microplastics in all the organs of the kawakawa fish examined, therefore, it is recommended that the outer skin of kawakawa fish be thoroughly cleaned, and internal organs such as the gills and gastrointestinal tract be gutted before being used in any food preparation to reduce the risk of microplastic ingestion by humans through the consumption of this fish.

Keywords: Commercial fish; kawakawa fish; marine pollution; microplastic

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: syafiqmusa@ukm.edu.my